What is A2P messaging?
Application-to-person messaging, and why operators price it differently
The distinction sounds academic and is entirely commercial. Operators give away P2P messaging because it keeps subscribers on the network. A2P is a business sending to their subscribers, so they charge for it, and they build the interconnects and the registration systems that go with it.
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A2P messaging is application-to-person messaging: a message sent by software to a person, as opposed to P2P, person-to-person, which is one human texting another. Every OTP, delivery update, payment reminder and marketing text is A2P. Operators route and price it separately from P2P traffic, and sending A2P on a P2P route — the practice known as grey routing — is the most common reason a sender gets blocked without notice.
That is why grey routing exists and why it fails. A grey route pushes business traffic through a consumer SIM or an unauthorised interconnect to avoid the A2P rate. It is cheaper, it works for a while, and then the operator notices: the sender ID gets rewritten, delivery collapses, and the route is cut with no warning and no refund. If a quote is far below everyone else's, that is usually what you are buying.
A2P covers more than SMS now. WhatsApp Business messages, RCS business messages and push notifications are all application-to-person, and each has its own pricing model: SMS per segment, WhatsApp per 24-hour conversation, RCS per message with SMS fallback.
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Learn More →Rates, regulations and operator details on this page were last reviewed on . Regulations change — if something here is out of date, tell us and we will fix it.
